不同性诱产品对小菜蛾诱集效果比较及对其种群动态监测

在北京和上海两地对国内4种小菜蛾性诱剂和国外2种性诱剂的诱捕效果进行了田间试验,并比较了水盆和灯光的诱杀效果。结果表明,中国科学院动物研究所和北京中捷四方有限公司的性诱剂诱杀效果显著优于其他诱芯,两者之间无显著差异（p>0.05）,水盆诱捕效果明显优于灯诱。用筛选的最优诱芯,采用水盆诱集法监测了2007-2010年度北京延庆地区小菜蛾的种群动态,该地区小菜蛾不同年度间种群差异显著,因此,每年和常年监测可为小菜蛾的防治提供更准确的信息。     

信息素迷向法规模化防治梨小食心虫

梨小食心虫是梨树和桃树上一种重要的蛀食性害虫,为了推动果园害虫的无公害防治,2010年在山东省莱阳市的桃园和梨园应用信息素散发器对梨小食心虫进行了迷向防治研究。在应用信息素散发器的桃园与梨园中,梨小食心虫发生数量明显低于对照园,使用密度增加,梨小食心虫的发生数量降低,迷向率增加。每公顷施用信息素散发器450、900、1350根的桃园,对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为67.80%、80.14%、89.29%,而梨园中对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为84.17%、93.41%、98.17%。桃园与梨园施用信息素散发器后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率明显低于对照园,桃园与梨园对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别在40.34%～73.57%和54.24%～92.38%之间。研究表明,梨园中信息素散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果高于桃园。     

荒漠化土壤对人工植被恢复工程的响应

人工植被恢复是荒漠化土壤逆转的主要途径,通过对青海省沙珠玉治沙站人工植被恢复工程下荒漠化土壤逆转过程中土体构型、土壤质地、元素组成和理化性质的分析,研究了荒漠化土壤对人工植被恢复工程的响应.结果表明,人工植被恢复工程对荒漠化土壤具有很好的改良作用,受人工植被影响,土体构型逐渐复杂,出露地表的母质层逐渐被淋溶层和淀积层覆...     

板栗花器分化发育期气候因子对其产量形成的影响

利用淳安县１９７３～１９９２年板栗产量和相应的气象资料，就板栗花器分化期一系列气象因子变他对其产量形成的作用显著性及其丰歉年景作用权重作分析研究。结果表明，４月和５月日照时数、越冬极端最低温度、５～６月降水量是影响气象产量的关键因子，此４因素对气象产量的作用权重占年总气象产量的７５．５５％～９４．４５％，在此基用上进一步提出了该县板栗产量模式及丰产建议。     

Induction of meiotic gynogenesis in bagrid catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis) with homologous sperm and its confirmation for female homogamety

The bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus ussuriensis, exhibits significant sexual dimorphism in growth rate and body size with males growing faster than females. Therefore, an all‐male culture can dramatically increase the output and profitability of fishery products. According to the monosex breeding route, super‐male individuals’ acquirement by XY male sex reversal and artificial gynogenesis is the key step. An effective protocol to induce meiotic gynogenesis using homologous sperms has been developed in this study. The most effective UV irradiation for sperm genetic inactivation was found to be at a distance of 20 cm with 66 μW/cm² light intensity for 25 min. Optimal treatment for cold shock was 5 min post‐fertilization at 0‐4°C for 30 min, which gave the best survival rate of 13.65 ± 2.87%. The sex ratio in the meiotic gynogens showed a significant female‐biased deviation (p < .05); thirty meiogynogens and their parents were further analysed using a male‐specific AFLP marker, of which only the male parent produced a male‐specific DNA band of 412 bp. These results indicated the female homogametic XX/XY sex determination system in P. ussuriensis. The optimization of a protocol for the successful induction of meiogynogenesis in the bagrid catfish lays the basis for all‐male production and is useful in ascertaining the genetic sex determination system in this promising aquaculture species.     

模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

4种不同性诱剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾诱集作用

为准确掌握草地贪夜蛾成虫发生动态,筛选对当地种群专一性强、灵敏度高的性诱剂,对深圳百乐宝生物农业科技有限公司(BLB)、宁波纽康生物技术有限公司(NK)、江苏宁录科技股份有限公司(NL)、南京新安中绿生物科技有限公司(XAZL)4个厂家生产的草地贪夜蛾性诱剂在江苏盐城市大丰区进行田间诱捕效果试验,探讨草地贪夜蛾性诱剂的使用技术。结果表明:4种不同性诱剂诱芯对草地贪夜蛾的诱集效果存在明显差异。BLB诱芯和NL诱芯可以有效监测草地贪夜蛾成虫田间发生动态,羽化高峰期明显,且峰值日期一致,NK诱芯诱集的成虫虫峰不明显,XAZL诱芯零星诱到成虫,无明显成虫高峰;BLB诱芯监测期内日均诱蛾量、最高单次诱蛾量、总诱蛾量均显著高于其他3种诱芯,其总诱蛾量达136.75头,分别是NL诱芯、NK诱芯、XAZL诱芯的1.47倍、4.76倍、10.52倍;通过对BLB诱芯进行持续30 d和持续60 d的诱捕对比试验,发现BLB诱芯1~30 d内诱捕性能稳定,诱蛾量大,31~60 d内日均诱蛾量、最高单次诱蛾量、总诱蛾量均有所下降且达显著水平,尤其是50 d后诱捕量下降明显。结果表明:BLB诱芯的诱蛾量大,能够明显反映出草地贪夜蛾的羽化高峰期,符合测报要求,更适合本地区草地贪夜蛾的监测,使用该诱芯时建议30 d更换1次。     

黏虫蛹性别的快速鉴别方法

根据黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)蛹生殖孔的位置、腹部腹节的外部形态学特征、生殖孔(产卵孔)至排泄孔之间的距离,快速、准确鉴别黏虫蛹性别。雌蛹第8腹节腹面中央的生殖孔与第9腹节的产卵孔连接形成一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦,无突起。生殖孔下端与第9腹节的前缘连接、产卵孔下端与第10腹节的前缘连接,形成2个明显的"人"字纹。雄蛹第8腹节无纵裂缝,在第9腹节腹面中央的生殖孔呈现的纵裂缝连接第10腹节,裂缝两边各有一个半圆形瘤状突起。雌雄蛹排泄孔均在第10腹节腹面,雌蛹产卵孔下端至排泄孔上端之间的距离为(400.85±151.10)μm,雄蛹生殖孔下端至排泄孔上端之间的距离为(178.21±93.59)μm,约为雌蛹相应距离的一半。采用该方法观察的270头羽化蛹的性别鉴别准确率100%。该方法对于快速鉴别黏虫蛹的性别、开展黏虫相关的生物学研究以及预测预报等具有重要的参考价值。     

A genetic tool for evaluating male‐mediated stock introgression in Atlantic salmon

1. The Atlantic salmon shows strong population structure with reduced gene flow, owing to homing behaviour. Supportive breeding with allochtonous parr or fish‐farm escapees could affect native population genetic structure by the introgression of foreign genes. Mature male parr are potentially powerful vehicles for promoting introgression: they can fertilize eggs in competition with anadromous males. As a consequence, foreign males contribute more to introgression than foreign females. This effect must be taken into account for the correct development of conservation programmes. Foreign males constitute an inadvertent way to disrupt the genetic structure, as the allochtonous parr or fish‐farm escapees can survive in the river during the parr stage.
2. A short polymorphic fragment of the sex‐determining gene (sdY) was used as a marker to assess introgression via males into south European salmon populations. In order to find haplotype variants for the intronic sequence of sdY, samples were investigated from 16 different rivers across the distribution range of the salmon, together with historical samples (1950–1960) from three Spanish rivers.
3. Two novel haplotypes, in addition to the three already described in Atlantic salmon, were found for this locus. Most samples, including historical ones, displayed the common haplotype (D) previously found in salmon all over Europe; however, north European haplotype variants were also detected in salmon inhabiting the southern European rivers that were systematically supplemented with foreign stocks between 1981 and 1994.
4. Analysis of haplotype variation in the sdY intron constitutes a powerful and inexpensive tool, not only to specifically assess male‐mediated introgression into natural populations of Atlantic salmon, but also for monitoring salmon escapees.

     

肉苁蓉提取物对雄性小鼠性激素分泌的影响

肉苁蓉化学成分复杂,有多种活性作用。本试验利用超声波协助提取、酸提取、醇提取方法提取肉苁蓉生物碱,分别对小鼠进行灌胃给药,观察肉苁蓉提取物对小鼠性激素分泌的影响。结果显示,乙醇提取方法得率最高,肉苁蓉提取物能显著提高小鼠雄激素含量（P〈0.05）。